Table of Contents
This version of BIND 9 "exports" its internal libraries so that they can be used by third-party applications more easily (we call them "export" libraries in this document). In addition to all major DNS-related APIs BIND 9 is currently using, the export libraries provide the following features:
The newly created "DNS client" module. This is a higher level API that provides an interface to name resolution, single DNS transaction with a particular server, and dynamic update. Regarding name resolution, it supports advanced features such as DNSSEC validation and caching. This module supports both synchronous and asynchronous mode.
The new "IRS" (Information Retrieval System) library. It provides an interface to parse the traditional resolv.conf file and more advanced, DNS-specific configuration file for the rest of this package (see the description for the dns.conf file below).
As part of the IRS library, newly implemented standard address-name mapping functions, getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo(), are provided. They use the DNSSEC-aware validating resolver backend, and could use other advanced features of the BIND 9 libraries such as caching. The getaddrinfo() function resolves both A and AAAA RRs concurrently (when the address family is unspecified).
An experimental framework to support other event libraries than BIND 9's internal event task system.
GNU make is required to build the export libraries (other part of BIND 9 can still be built with other types of make). In the reminder of this document, "make" means GNU make. Note that in some platforms you may need to invoke a different command name than "make" (e.g. "gmake") to indicate it's GNU make.
$./configure --enable-exportlib$[other flags]make
This will create (in addition to usual BIND 9 programs) and a
separate set of libraries under the lib/export directory. For
example, lib/export/dns/libdns.a is the archive file of the
export version of the BIND 9 DNS library. Sample application
programs using the libraries will also be built under the
lib/export/samples directory (see below).
$cd lib/export$make install
This will install library object files under the directory specified by the --with-export-libdir configure option (default: EPREFIX/lib/bind9), and header files under the directory specified by the --with-export-includedir configure option (default: PREFIX/include/bind9). Root privilege is normally required. "make install" at the top directory will do the same.
To see how to build your own
application after the installation, see
lib/export/samples/Makefile-postinstall.in.
Currently, win32 is not supported for the export library. (Normal BIND 9 application can be built as before).
The "fixed" RRset order is not (currently) supported in the export library. If you want to use "fixed" RRset order for, e.g. named while still building the export library even without the fixed order support, build them separately:
$./configure --enable-fixed-rrset$[other flags, but not --enable-exportlib]make$./configure --enable-exportlib$[other flags, but not --enable-fixed-rrset]cd lib/export$make
The client module and the IRS library currently do not support DNSSEC validation using DLV (the underlying modules can handle it, but there is no tunable interface to enable the feature).
RFC 5011 is not supported in the validating stub resolver of the export library. In fact, it is not clear whether it should: trust anchors would be a system-wide configuration which would be managed by an administrator, while the stub resolver will be used by ordinary applications run by a normal user.
Not all common /etc/resolv.conf
options are supported
in the IRS library. The only available options in this
version are "debug" and "ndots".
The IRS library supports an "advanced" configuration file
related to the DNS library for configuration parameters that
would be beyond the capability of the
resolv.conf file.
Specifically, it is intended to provide DNSSEC related
configuration parameters. By default the path to this
configuration file is /etc/dns.conf.
This module is very
experimental and the configuration syntax or library interfaces
may change in future versions. Currently, only the
trusted-keys
statement is supported, whose syntax is the same as the same name
of statement for named.conf. (See
the section called “trusted-keys Statement Grammar” for details.)
Some sample application programs using this API are provided for reference. The following is a brief description of these applications.
It sends a query of a given name (of a given optional RR type) to a specified recursive server, and prints the result as a list of RRs. It can also act as a validating stub resolver if a trust anchor is given via a set of command line options.
Usage: sample [options] server_address hostname
Options and Arguments:
specify the RR type of the query. The default is the A RR.
specify a command-line DNS key to validate the answer. For example, to specify the following DNSKEY of example.com:
example.com. 3600 IN DNSKEY 257 3 5 xxx
specify the options as follows:
-e -k example.com -K "xxx"
-e means that this key is a zone's "key signing key" (as known as "secure Entry point"). When -a is omitted rsasha1 will be used by default.
specify a separate recursive server address for the specific "domain". Example: -s example.com:2001:db8::1234
an IP(v4/v6) address of the recursive server to which queries are sent.
the domain name for the query
Similar to "sample", but accepts a list of (query) domain names as a separate file and resolves the names asynchronously.
Usage: sample-async [-s server_address] [-t RR_type] input_file
Options and Arguments:
www.example.com
mx.example.net
ns.xxx.example
It sends a query to a specified server, and prints the response with minimal processing. It doesn't act as a "stub resolver": it stops the processing once it gets any response from the server, whether it's a referral or an alias (CNAME or DNAME) that would require further queries to get the ultimate answer. In other words, this utility acts as a very simplified dig.
Usage: sample-request [-t RRtype] server_address hostname
Options and Arguments:
specify the RR type of the queries. The default is the A RR.
an IP(v4/v6) address of the recursive server to which the query is sent.
the domain name for the query
This is a test program to check getaddrinfo() and getnameinfo() behavior. It takes a host name as an argument, calls getaddrinfo() with the given host name, and calls getnameinfo() with the resulting IP addresses returned by getaddrinfo(). If the dns.conf file exists and defines a trust anchor, the underlying resolver will act as a validating resolver, and getaddrinfo()/getnameinfo() will fail with an EAI_INSECUREDATA error when DNSSEC validation fails.
Usage: sample-gai hostname
It accepts a single update command as a command-line argument, sends an update request message to the authoritative server, and shows the response from the server. In other words, this is a simplified nsupdate.
Usage: sample-update [options] (add|delete) "update data"
Options and Arguments:
An IP address of the authoritative server that has authority for the zone containing the update name. This should normally be the primary authoritative server that accepts dynamic updates. It can also be a secondary server that is configured to forward update requests to the primary server.
A TSIG key file to secure the update transaction. The keyfile format is the same as that for the nsupdate utility.
A prerequisite for the update (only one prerequisite can be specified). The prerequisite format is the same as that is accepted by the nsupdate utility.
An IP address of a recursive server that this utility will use. A recursive server may be necessary to identify the authoritative server address to which the update request is sent.
The domain name of the zone that contains
Specify the type of update operation. Either "add" or "delete" must be specified.
Specify the data to be updated. A typical example of the data would look like "name TTL RRtype RDATA".
In practice, either -a or -r must be specified. Others can be optional; the underlying library routine tries to identify the appropriate server and the zone name for the update.
Examples: assuming the primary authoritative server of the dynamic.example.com zone has an IPv6 address 2001:db8::1234,
$ sample-update -a sample-update -k Kxxx.+nnn+mmmm.key add "foo.dynamic.example.com 30 IN A 192.168.2.1"
adds an A RR for foo.dynamic.example.com using the given key.
$ sample-update -a sample-update -k Kxxx.+nnn+mmmm.key delete "foo.dynamic.example.com 30 IN A"
removes all A RRs for foo.dynamic.example.com using the given key.
$ sample-update -a sample-update -k Kxxx.+nnn+mmmm.key delete "foo.dynamic.example.com"
removes all RRs for foo.dynamic.example.com using the given key.
It checks a set of domains to see the name servers of the domains behave correctly in terms of RFC 4074. This is included in the set of sample programs to show how the export library can be used in a DNS-related application.
Usage: nsprobe [-d] [-v [-v...]] [-c cache_address] [input_file]
Options
run in the "debug" mode. with this option nsprobe will dump every RRs it receives.
increase verbosity of other normal log messages. This can be specified multiple times
specify an IP address of a recursive (caching) name server. nsprobe uses this server to get the NS RRset of each domain and the A and/or AAAA RRsets for the name servers. The default value is 127.0.0.1.
a file name containing a list of domain (zone) names to be probed. when omitted the standard input will be used. Each line of the input file specifies a single domain name such as "example.com". In general this domain name must be the apex name of some DNS zone (unlike normal "host names" such as "www.example.com"). nsprobe first identifies the NS RRsets for the given domain name, and sends A and AAAA queries to these servers for some "widely used" names under the zone; specifically, adding "www" and "ftp" to the zone name.
BIND 9.10.4b2