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image::apache-tinkerpop-logo.png[width=500,link="https://tinkerpop.apache.org"]

*Proposal 8*

== *Specification for the declarative `match()` step*

This document outlines the specification for a new, declarative
`match()` step in Gremlin. This step is designed to replace the existing
imperative `match()` step, which has proven difficult for providers to
optimize and for users to utilize effectively. The new step leverages
familiar declarative graph pattern matching syntax to provide a more
powerful, intuitive, and optimizable query experience.

=== 1. Motivation

The current `match()` step in Gremlin is imperative, which requires
graph providers to translate complex traversal logic into an optimizable
form, a notoriously difficult task. Consequently, its adoption is low,
and its performance is often suboptimal.

The proposed solution introduces a new `match()` step that accepts a
query string from a standard declarative graph query language. This
allows the underlying database to use its native query planner and
optimizer to execute the pattern match efficiently, while Gremlin
retains its role in composing the declarative query with broader
imperative traversals.

'''''

=== 2. Core Concept

The `match()` step introduces a declarative pattern matching clause into
a Gremlin traversal. The variables bound within the pattern are not
returned directly but are added to the traversal’s path history, making
them accessible to subsequent steps like `select()`.

The `match()` step can be used as both a start step on a
`GraphTraversalSource` and as a mid-traversal step.

=== 3. Declarative Language

The `match()` step is language-agnostic by design, but it will
standardize on a default language to ensure portability.

* *Default Language:* A restricted, read-only subset of *GQL* will be
the default language. This subset will primarily support `MATCH` and
`WHERE` clauses. The `RETURN` clause will *not* be supported in the
default implementation (see Section 6). A provider implementing the
default GQL does not need to be specified via a modulator.
** Example:
`g.match("MATCH (p:Person WHERE p.name = 'Stephen')-[:knows]->(friend)")`
* *Provider-Specific Languages:* Providers may support other declarative
languages (e.g., Cypher, GSQL, SQL++) via the `queryLanguage` modulator.
** Example: `g.match("...").with("queryLanguage", "GSQL")`

To aid vendors, the TinkerPop project should consider providing a
reference ANTLR4 grammar for the default GQL dialect.

'''''

=== 4. Parameterization

Parameterized queries are supported to prevent query injection and improve performance by enabling query
plan caching. If such exist, parameters are
supplied using the `Map` argument as part of the match query step.

* *Example:*
+
[source,groovy]
----
g.match("MATCH (p:Person WHERE p.name = $personName)", Map.of("personName", "Stephen"))
----

If parameters are not explicitly provided via
`Map`, an implicit lookup on remote server bindings may be performed.

'''''

=== 5. Execution Semantics

The `match()` step behaves similarly to the `V()` and `E()` steps.

* *Start Step:* When used as a start step (`g.match(...)`), it executes
the pattern match against the entire graph.
* *Mid-Traversal Step:* When used mid-traversal
(`g.V(1).out().match(...)`), it *does not* operate on the incoming
traversers. Instead, like `V()`, it ``resets'' the traversal and
executes its pattern match against the *entire graph for each input
parameter*. The incoming traversers are disregarded.

The step is restricted to executing *idempotent (read-only)* queries.

'''''

=== 6. Return Value and Data Access

A key aspect of this new design is its seamless integration with
Gremlin’s existing projection and path-management mechanisms.

* *`match()` Step Return Value:* The `match()` step itself does not emit
any elements. It produces an `Optional.empty()`.
* *Accessing Matched Data:* All variables bound in the `MATCH` clause
(e.g., `(p)`, `(friend)` in the examples) are automatically bound to the
traversal’s path history. This data is then accessed using the
`select()` step. This design eliminates the need for a `RETURN` clause
and allows the user to continue chaining Gremlin steps naturally.

==== *Example Flow*

Consider a query to find a person and then, using Gremlin, calculate the
sum of the weights of their outgoing `:knows` edges.

*Query:*

[source,groovy]
----
g.match("MATCH (n:Person {name:'Cole'})-[e:knows]->(friend)")
 .select("e")
 .values("weight")
 .sum()
----

*Execution Breakdown:*

[arabic]
. `match("...")`: Finds all patterns matching a person named `Cole' with
an outgoing `knows` edge. For each match, it binds the vertex `n`, the
edge `e`, and the vertex `friend` to the path history. It returns
`Optional.empty()`.
. `select("e")`: It projects the element associated with the label `e`.
The traversal stream now contains the `knows` edges.
. `values("weight").sum()`: Standard Gremlin steps that operate on the
stream of edges to calculate the sum of their `weight` properties.

This approach is elegant, highly composable, and allows providers to
optimize the declarative query by analyzing subsequent `select()` steps
to determine which variables are actually needed.

=== 6. Deprecation of Existing `match()` Step

The existing, imperative `match()` step will be marked as *deprecated*
upon the introduction of this new specification and will be removed in a
future major release of TinkerPop.
