class UnboundMethod - Documentation for Ruby 4.0
Description: class UnboundMethod: Ruby supports two forms of objectified methods. these method objects are bound to that object.
Keywords: ruby,class,UnboundMethod

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# class UnboundMethod

Ruby supports two forms of objectified methods. Class `Method` is used to represent methods that are associated with a particular object: these method objects are bound to that object. Bound method objects for an object can be created using `Object#method`.

Ruby also supports unbound methods; methods objects that are not associated with a particular object. These can be created either by calling `Module#instance_method` or by calling unbind on a bound method object. The result of both of these is an `UnboundMethod` object.

Unbound methods can only be called after they are bound to an object. That object must be a kind_of? the method’s original class.

    class Square
      def area
        @side * @side
      end
      def initialize(side)
        @side = side
      end
    end

    area_un = Square.instance_method(:area)

    s = Square.new(12)
    area = area_un.bind(s)
    area.call   #=> 144

Unbound methods are a reference to the method at the time it was objectified: subsequent changes to the underlying class will not affect the unbound method.

    class Test
      def test
        :original
      end
    end
    um = Test.instance_method(:test)
    class Test
      def test
        :modified
      end
    end
    t = Test.new
    t.test            #=> :modified
    um.bind(t).call   #=> :original

### Public Instance Methods

meth == other_meth → true or false
Source

    #define unbound_method_eq method_eq

Two unbound method objects are equal if they refer to the same method definition.

    Array.instance_method(:each_slice) == Enumerable.instance_method(:each_slice)
    #=> true

    Array.instance_method(:sum) == Enumerable.instance_method(:sum)
    #=> false, Array redefines the method for efficiency

Also aliased as: eql?
arity → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    method_arity_m(VALUE method)
    {
        int n = method_arity(method);
        return INT2FIX(n);
    }

Returns an indication of the number of arguments accepted by a method. Returns a nonnegative integer for methods that take a fixed number of arguments. For Ruby methods that take a variable number of arguments, returns -n-1, where n is the number of required arguments. Keyword arguments will be considered as a single additional argument, that argument being mandatory if any keyword argument is mandatory. For methods written in C, returns -1 if the call takes a variable number of arguments.

    class C
      def one;    end
      def two(a); end
      def three(*a);  end
      def four(a, b); end
      def five(a, b, *c);    end
      def six(a, b, *c, &d); end
      def seven(a, b, x:0); end
      def eight(x:, y:); end
      def nine(x:, y:, **z); end
      def ten(*a, x:, y:); end
    end
    c = C.new
    c.method(:one).arity     #=> 0
    c.method(:two).arity     #=> 1
    c.method(:three).arity   #=> -1
    c.method(:four).arity    #=> 2
    c.method(:five).arity    #=> -3
    c.method(:six).arity     #=> -3
    c.method(:seven).arity   #=> -3
    c.method(:eight).arity   #=> 1
    c.method(:nine).arity    #=> 1
    c.method(:ten).arity     #=> -2

    "cat".method(:size).arity      #=> 0
    "cat".method(:replace).arity   #=> 1
    "cat".method(:squeeze).arity   #=> -1
    "cat".method(:count).arity     #=> -1

bind(obj) → method
Source

    static VALUE
    umethod_bind(VALUE method, VALUE recv)
    {
        VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
        const rb_method_entry_t *me;
        const struct METHOD *data;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
        convert_umethod_to_method_components(data, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me, true);

        struct METHOD *bound;
        method = TypedData_Make_Struct(rb_cMethod, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, bound);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->recv, recv);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->klass, klass);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->iclass, iclass);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->owner, methclass);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(method, &bound->me, me);

        return method;
    }

Bind umeth to obj. If Klass was the class from which umeth was obtained, `obj.kind_of?(Klass)` must be true.

    class A
      def test
        puts "In test, class = #{self.class}"
      end
    end
    class B < A
    end
    class C < B
    end

    um = B.instance_method(:test)
    bm = um.bind(C.new)
    bm.call
    bm = um.bind(B.new)
    bm.call
    bm = um.bind(A.new)
    bm.call

produces:

    In test, class = C
    In test, class = B
    prog.rb:16:in `bind': bind argument must be an instance of B (TypeError)
     from prog.rb:16

bind_call(recv, args, ...) → obj
Source

    static VALUE
    umethod_bind_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE method)
    {
        rb_check_arity(argc, 1, UNLIMITED_ARGUMENTS);
        VALUE recv = argv[0];
        argc--;
        argv++;

        VALUE passed_procval = rb_block_given_p() ? rb_block_proc() : Qnil;
        rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();

        const struct METHOD *data;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);

        const rb_callable_method_entry_t *cme = rb_callable_method_entry(CLASS_OF(recv), data->me->called_id);
        if (data->me == (const rb_method_entry_t *)cme) {
            vm_passed_block_handler_set(ec, proc_to_block_handler(passed_procval));
            return rb_vm_call_kw(ec, recv, cme->called_id, argc, argv, cme, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
        }
        else {
            VALUE methclass, klass, iclass;
            const rb_method_entry_t *me;
            convert_umethod_to_method_components(data, recv, &methclass, &klass, &iclass, &me, false);
            struct METHOD bound = { recv, klass, 0, methclass, me };

            return call_method_data(ec, &bound, argc, argv, passed_procval, RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS);
        }
    }

Bind umeth to recv and then invokes the method with the specified arguments. This is semantically equivalent to `umeth.bind(recv).call(args, ...)`.

clone → new_method
Source

    static VALUE
    method_clone(VALUE self)
    {
        VALUE clone;
        struct METHOD *orig, *data;

        TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, orig);
        clone = TypedData_Make_Struct(CLASS_OF(self), struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
        rb_obj_clone_setup(self, clone, Qnil);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->recv, orig->recv);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->klass, orig->klass);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->iclass, orig->iclass);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->owner, orig->owner);
        RB_OBJ_WRITE(clone, &data->me, rb_method_entry_clone(orig->me));
        return clone;
    }

Returns a clone of this method.

    class A
      def foo
        return "bar"
      end
    end

    m = A.new.method(:foo)
    m.call # => "bar"
    n = m.clone.call # => "bar"

eql?(other_meth) → true or false

Two unbound method objects are equal if they refer to the same method definition.

    Array.instance_method(:each_slice) == Enumerable.instance_method(:each_slice)
    #=> true

    Array.instance_method(:sum) == Enumerable.instance_method(:sum)
    #=> false, Array redefines the method for efficiency

Alias for: ==
hash → integer
Source

    static VALUE
    method_hash(VALUE method)
    {
        struct METHOD *m;
        st_index_t hash;

        TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, m);
        hash = rb_hash_start((st_index_t)m->recv);
        hash = rb_hash_method_entry(hash, m->me);
        hash = rb_hash_end(hash);

        return ST2FIX(hash);
    }

Returns a hash value corresponding to the method object.

See also `Object#hash`.

inspect → string
Source

    static VALUE
    method_inspect(VALUE method)
    {
        struct METHOD *data;
        VALUE str;
        const char *sharp = "#";
        VALUE mklass;
        VALUE defined_class;

        TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
        str = rb_sprintf("#<% "PRIsVALUE": ", rb_obj_class(method));

        mklass = data->iclass;
        if (!mklass) mklass = data->klass;

        if (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS)) {
            /* TODO: I'm not sure why mklass is T_ICLASS.
             * UnboundMethod#bind() can set it as T_ICLASS at convert_umethod_to_method_components()
             * but not sure it is needed.
             */
            mklass = RBASIC_CLASS(mklass);
        }

        if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS) {
            defined_class = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner;
        }
        else {
            defined_class = method_entry_defined_class(data->me);
        }

        if (RB_TYPE_P(defined_class, T_ICLASS)) {
            defined_class = RBASIC_CLASS(defined_class);
        }

        if (UNDEF_P(data->recv)) {
            // UnboundMethod
            rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(defined_class));
        }
        else if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(mklass)) {
            VALUE v = RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(mklass);

            if (UNDEF_P(data->recv)) {
                rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
            }
            else if (data->recv == v) {
                rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
                sharp = ".";
            }
            else {
                rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(data->recv));
                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");
                rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(v));
                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
                sharp = ".";
            }
        }
        else {
            mklass = data->klass;
            if (RCLASS_SINGLETON_P(mklass)) {
                VALUE v = RCLASS_ATTACHED_OBJECT(mklass);
                if (!(RB_TYPE_P(v, T_CLASS) || RB_TYPE_P(v, T_MODULE))) {
                    do {
                       mklass = RCLASS_SUPER(mklass);
                    } while (RB_TYPE_P(mklass, T_ICLASS));
                }
            }
            rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_inspect(mklass));
            if (defined_class != mklass) {
                rb_str_catf(str, "(% "PRIsVALUE")", defined_class);
            }
        }
        rb_str_buf_cat2(str, sharp);
        rb_str_append(str, rb_id2str(data->me->called_id));
        if (data->me->called_id != data->me->def->original_id) {
            rb_str_catf(str, "(%"PRIsVALUE")",
                        rb_id2str(data->me->def->original_id));
        }
        if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_NOTIMPLEMENTED) {
            rb_str_buf_cat2(str, " (not-implemented)");
        }

        // parameter information
        {
            VALUE params = rb_method_parameters(method);
            VALUE pair, name, kind;
            const VALUE req = ID2SYM(rb_intern("req"));
            const VALUE opt = ID2SYM(rb_intern("opt"));
            const VALUE keyreq = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyreq"));
            const VALUE key = ID2SYM(rb_intern("key"));
            const VALUE rest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("rest"));
            const VALUE keyrest = ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyrest"));
            const VALUE block = ID2SYM(rb_intern("block"));
            const VALUE nokey = ID2SYM(rb_intern("nokey"));
            int forwarding = 0;

            rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "(");

            if (RARRAY_LEN(params) == 3 &&
                RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 0), 0) == rest &&
                RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 0), 1) == ID2SYM('*') &&
                RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 1), 0) == keyrest &&
                RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 1), 1) == ID2SYM(idPow) &&
                RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 2), 0) == block &&
                RARRAY_AREF(RARRAY_AREF(params, 2), 1) == ID2SYM('&')) {
                forwarding = 1;
            }

            for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(params); i++) {
                pair = RARRAY_AREF(params, i);
                kind = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 0);
                if (RARRAY_LEN(pair) > 1) {
                    name = RARRAY_AREF(pair, 1);
                }
                else {
                    // FIXME: can it be reduced to switch/case?
                    if (kind == req || kind == opt) {
                        name = rb_str_new2("_");
                    }
                    else if (kind == rest || kind == keyrest) {
                        name = rb_str_new2("");
                    }
                    else if (kind == block) {
                        name = rb_str_new2("block");
                    }
                    else if (kind == nokey) {
                        name = rb_str_new2("nil");
                    }
                    else {
                        name = Qnil;
                    }
                }

                if (kind == req) {
                    rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE, name);
                }
                else if (kind == opt) {
                    rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE"=...", name);
                }
                else if (kind == keyreq) {
                    rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE":", name);
                }
                else if (kind == key) {
                    rb_str_catf(str, "%"PRIsVALUE": ...", name);
                }
                else if (kind == rest) {
                    if (name == ID2SYM('*')) {
                        rb_str_cat_cstr(str, forwarding ? "..." : "*");
                    }
                    else {
                        rb_str_catf(str, "*%"PRIsVALUE, name);
                    }
                }
                else if (kind == keyrest) {
                    if (name != ID2SYM(idPow)) {
                        rb_str_catf(str, "**%"PRIsVALUE, name);
                    }
                    else if (i > 0) {
                        rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - 2);
                    }
                    else {
                        rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "**");
                    }
                }
                else if (kind == block) {
                    if (name == ID2SYM('&')) {
                        if (forwarding) {
                            rb_str_set_len(str, RSTRING_LEN(str) - 2);
                        }
                        else {
                            rb_str_cat_cstr(str, "...");
                        }
                    }
                    else {
                        rb_str_catf(str, "&%"PRIsVALUE, name);
                    }
                }
                else if (kind == nokey) {
                    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "**nil");
                }

                if (i < RARRAY_LEN(params) - 1) {
                    rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
                }
            }
            rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ")");
        }

        { // source location
            VALUE loc = rb_method_location(method);
            if (!NIL_P(loc)) {
                rb_str_catf(str, " %"PRIsVALUE":%"PRIsVALUE,
                            RARRAY_AREF(loc, 0), RARRAY_AREF(loc, 1));
            }
        }

        rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ">");

        return str;
    }

Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.

    "cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
    (1..3).method(:map).inspect    #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"

In the latter case, the method description includes the “owner” of the original method (`Enumerable` module, which is included into `Range`).

`inspect` also provides, when possible, method argument names (call sequence) and source location.

    require 'net/http'
    Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect
    #=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"

`...` in argument definition means argument is optional (has some default value).

For methods defined in C (language core and extensions), location and argument names can’t be extracted, and only generic information is provided in form of `*` (any number of arguments) or `_` (some positional argument).

    "cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
    "cat".method(:+).inspect       #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""

Also aliased as: to_s
name → symbol
Source

    static VALUE
    method_name(VALUE obj)
    {
        struct METHOD *data;

        TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
        return ID2SYM(data->me->called_id);
    }

Returns the name of the method.

original_name → symbol
Source

    static VALUE
    method_original_name(VALUE obj)
    {
        struct METHOD *data;

        TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
        return ID2SYM(data->me->def->original_id);
    }

Returns the original name of the method.

    class C
      def foo; end
      alias bar foo
    end
    C.instance_method(:bar).original_name # => :foo

owner → class_or_module
Source

    static VALUE
    method_owner(VALUE obj)
    {
        struct METHOD *data;
        TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
        return data->owner;
    }

Returns the class or module on which this method is defined. In other words,

    meth.owner.instance_methods(false).include?(meth.name) # => true

holds as long as the method is not removed/undefined/replaced, (with private_instance_methods instead of instance_methods if the method is private).

See also `Method#receiver`.

    (1..3).method(:map).owner #=> Enumerable

parameters → array
Source

    static VALUE
    rb_method_parameters(VALUE method)
    {
        return method_def_parameters(rb_method_def(method));
    }

Returns the parameter information of this method.

    def foo(bar); end
    method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar]]

    def foo(bar, baz, bat, &blk); end
    method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:req, :baz], [:req, :bat], [:block, :blk]]

    def foo(bar, *args); end
    method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:rest, :args]]

    def foo(bar, baz, *args, &blk); end
    method(:foo).parameters #=> [[:req, :bar], [:req, :baz], [:rest, :args], [:block, :blk]]

source_location → [String, Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer]
Source

    VALUE
    rb_method_location(VALUE method)
    {
        return method_def_location(rb_method_def(method));
    }

Returns the location where the method was defined. The returned `Array` contains:

    (1) the Ruby source filename
    (2) the line number where the definition starts
    (3) the column number where the definition starts
    (4) the line number where the definition ends
    (5) the column number where the definitions ends

This method will return `nil` if the method was not defined in Ruby (i.e. native).

super_method → method
Source

    static VALUE
    method_super_method(VALUE method)
    {
        const struct METHOD *data;
        VALUE super_class, iclass;
        ID mid;
        const rb_method_entry_t *me;

        TypedData_Get_Struct(method, struct METHOD, &method_data_type, data);
        iclass = data->iclass;
        if (!iclass) return Qnil;
        if (data->me->def->type == VM_METHOD_TYPE_ALIAS && data->me->defined_class) {
            super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(rb_find_defined_class_by_owner(data->me->defined_class,
                data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->owner));
            mid = data->me->def->body.alias.original_me->def->original_id;
        }
        else {
            super_class = RCLASS_SUPER(RCLASS_ORIGIN(iclass));
            mid = data->me->def->original_id;
        }
        if (!super_class) return Qnil;
        me = (rb_method_entry_t *)rb_callable_method_entry_with_refinements(super_class, mid, &iclass);
        if (!me) return Qnil;
        return mnew_internal(me, me->owner, iclass, data->recv, mid, rb_obj_class(method), FALSE, FALSE);
    }

Returns a `Method` of superclass which would be called when super is used or nil if there is no method on superclass.

to_s → string

Returns a human-readable description of the underlying method.

    "cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
    (1..3).method(:map).inspect    #=> "#<Method: Range(Enumerable)#map()>"

In the latter case, the method description includes the “owner” of the original method (`Enumerable` module, which is included into `Range`).

`inspect` also provides, when possible, method argument names (call sequence) and source location.

    require 'net/http'
    Net::HTTP.method(:get).inspect
    #=> "#<Method: Net::HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path=..., port=...) <skip>/lib/ruby/2.7.0/net/http.rb:457>"

`...` in argument definition means argument is optional (has some default value).

For methods defined in C (language core and extensions), location and argument names can’t be extracted, and only generic information is provided in form of `*` (any number of arguments) or `_` (some positional argument).

    "cat".method(:count).inspect   #=> "#<Method: String#count(*)>"
    "cat".method(:+).inspect       #=> "#<Method: String#+(_)>""

Alias for: inspect